Articles
Supplements 15 min
Magnesium has high-certainty null evidence for leg cramps, no current guideline grade for migraine, the lowest possible grade for depression, and an explicit ADA recommendation against it for glycaemic benefit. The clearest effect is as an osmotic laxative at about 2.6 times the upper limit.
Supplements 14 min
A 2025 meta-analysis separating trials by funding source found no effect of collagen on skin hydration, elasticity or wrinkles in non-industry-funded studies. Joint-pain effects are real but roughly a third of the clinically meaningful threshold. Fat-free mass with resistance training is the one moderate-certainty finding.
Supplements 13 min
NMN and NR reliably raise blood NAD+ and reliably fail to change muscle strength, gait speed or insulin sensitivity in randomized trials. The best meta-analysis says current evidence does not support them for preserving muscle. FDA reversed its position on NMN in September 2025.
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Supplements 14 min
The USPSTF calls the evidence insufficient for multivitamins and recommends against beta-carotene and vitamin E. COSMOS and Physicians' Health Study II missed their primary cancer and cardiovascular endpoints. Almost no randomized evidence exists for adults aged 35 to 50.
Supplements 3 min
The 2024 Endocrine Society guideline supports empiric vitamin D beyond the standard intake for adults 75 and older, during pregnancy, and in high-risk prediabetes, and suggests daily dosing over intermittent high doses. For healthy adults under 75, it recommends against supplementing above the standard intake (600 to 800 IU/day, NASEM) to prevent disease, and against routine 25(OH)D testing, because trials found no benefit and no optimal target level.
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