Biomarker library

Blood pressure is the force of blood against artery walls, written as two numbers: systolic (pressure while the heart beats) over diastolic …

Normal under 120 mm Hg (systolic)

The glucose concentration in your blood after at least 8 hours without calories. It is a snapshot of how your body holds …

Normal (below the prediabetes range) under 100 mg/dL

A1C is the share of your hemoglobin that has glucose attached to it. Red blood cells live about three months, so the …

Normal (below the prediabetes range) under 5.7 %

Uric acid (serum urate) is the end product of purine breakdown. When blood levels run high enough for long enough, urate crystals …

Treatment target under 6 mg/dL

Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle (LDL, VLDL, IDL, lipoprotein(a)) carries exactly one apolipoprotein B molecule, so ApoB is a count of those particles …

Risk-enhancing factor 130 or higher mg/dL

The cholesterol carried in high-density lipoprotein particles, which move cholesterol from tissues back to the liver. It is measured directly on a …

Low (a major risk factor) under 40 mg/dL

The cholesterol carried in low-density lipoprotein particles, usually calculated from a standard lipid panel. LDL particles deposit cholesterol in artery walls, which …

Optimal under 100 mg/dL

Lipoprotein(a) is an LDL-like particle with an extra protein (apolipoprotein(a)) attached. Your level is 80 to 90% genetic, changes little across life, …

Risk enhancer 50 or higher mg/dL

Total cholesterol is the sum of the cholesterol in all lipoprotein particles: LDL, HDL, and the triglyceride carriers. It is the oldest …

Healthy level under 200 mg/dL

The main form of fat carried in blood, packaged in chylomicrons after a meal and in VLDL particles made by the liver. …

Normal under 150 mg/dL

The total concentration of testosterone in blood, bound and free. Levels peak in the morning and fall through the day, and they …

Harmonized normal range 264 to 916 ng/dL

TSH is the pituitary's signal to the thyroid. When thyroid hormone runs low, the pituitary raises TSH to push the gland harder; …

Reference interval (if your lab prints none) 0.45 to 4.12 mIU/L

C-reactive protein is a liver protein that rises with inflammation. The high-sensitivity assay measures the low concentrations relevant to long-term cardiovascular risk, …

Low relative risk under 1 mg/L

Serum magnesium measures the roughly 1% of body magnesium that circulates in blood. Because bone and soft tissue hold the other 99%, …

Hypomagnesemia under 0.75 mmol/L

Serum B12 measures circulating cobalamin, the vitamin needed for red blood cells and nerve function. It is a screening number with a …

Generally considered subnormal under 200 pg/mL

The blood test measures 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the storage form your liver makes from vitamin D produced in skin or taken in food …

Deficient under 12 ng/mL

ALT is an enzyme concentrated in liver cells. When liver cells are injured, ALT leaks into the blood, so the level is …

Healthy upper limit 33 or lower U/L

eGFR estimates how many milliliters of blood your kidneys filter per minute, calculated from your blood creatinine (sometimes with cystatin C), age …

G1: normal or high (CKD only with damage markers) 90 or higher mL/min/1.73m²

Ferritin is the protein that stores iron, and the blood level tracks how much iron your body has in reserve. It is …

Iron deficiency under 15 µg/L

Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, measured as part of a complete blood count. A low value defines anemia; …

No anemia 13 or higher g/dL

PSA is a protein made by the prostate. The blood level rises with prostate cancer, but also with benign enlargement, inflammation and …

Traditionally considered not elevated 4 or lower ng/mL